http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7958 2026-06-21T21:40:48Z 2026-06-21T21:40:48Z Goel, M.K. Lohani, A.K. Senthil, A.R.S. Nayak, P.C. Mishra, P.K. Singh, P.K. Singh, Vishal Agarwal, P.K. http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8031 2026-06-16T12:33:28Z 2024-05-01T00:00:00Z

Development of water accounts for the selected sub basins of Brahmaputra, Barak and Irrawady-Chindwin basins in the state of Nagaland using water accounting plus (WA+) framework (PDS-31) Goel, M.K.; Lohani, A.K.; Senthil, A.R.S.; Nayak, P.C.; Mishra, P.K.; Singh, P.K.; Singh, Vishal; Agarwal, P.K. Increasing competition for land and water resources is expected in the future due to rising demands for food and bioenergy production, biodiversity conservation, and changing production conditions due to climate change. Growing competition for water in many sectors reduces its availability for irrigation. Thus, efficient approaches are required for effective management of water in every sector particularly in agriculture. With advanced technological development like satellite-based Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, tools are becoming useful to account the water resources of a region. Water Accounting Plus (WA+) is a python-based tool designed to provide explicit spatial information on water depletion and the net withdrawal process of a region using globally available open access data. In regions such as Nagaland with data unavailability or scarcity, use of freely available open access data is quite handy in accounting the water resources. The major objective of this study is to apply the newly developed WA+ framework for the selected sub-basins of Brahmaputra, Barak and Irrawady-Chindwin (Tizu) basins in the state of Nagaland for estimating the status of the water resources. Few major findings from the study are: From the CHIRPS rainfall data analysis for the period 2001-02 to 2019-20, it was found that a considerable amount of rainfall is falling in the northern and north-eastern parts of Nagaland draining into the Brahmaputra basin. Sub-basins falling in the Brahmaputra basin generates maximum yield for the state of Nagaland. The water accounting-based land use (WALU) suggested that forest cover dominates in the state followed by shrub land, fallow land, agriculture, and built-up area. The area of four land use management classes viz. protected land use (PLU), utilized land use (ULU), Modified land use (MLU) and managed water use (MWU), were 134.42 Km2, 12425.58 Km2, 3651.25 Km2 and 373.10 Km2 respectively. WA+ tool was set-up for the period 2001-02 to 2019-20. Six factsheets viz. Sheet 2 (evapotranspiration), Sheet 3 (part 1: agricultural water consumption; part 2: land and water productivity), Sheet 4 (part 1: man-made utilization; part 2: natural utilization), Sheet 5 (surface water), Sheet 6 (groundwater) and Sheet 1 (Resource base) were generated. Sheet 2 revealed that an average water loss of 14.91 BCM (~ 900 mm) is occurring in the form of evapotranspiration from different basins and sub-basins annually. 37% of the ET loss is beneficially contributing to the intended purpose. The remaining loss of 63% is non-beneficial, and can be suitably converted to beneficial component by adopting suitable agronomical and mechanical measures. Sheet 3 estimated a total agricultural water consumption of 2.50 BCM and 2.55 BCM, predominantly met from the rainfall, during a dry and wet year respectively. Overall, the average land productivity was found to vary from 2564.2 to 4028.3 kg/ha/year and 6149.6 to 7818.9 kg/ha/year during the period 2001-02 to 2019-20, respectively for rainfed and irrigated cereals. The WP was found to vary from 0.66 to 1.02 kg/m3 (with an overall average of 0.83 kg/m3) and 1.90 to 2.56 kg/m3 (with an overall average of 2.2 kg/m3) for rainfed and irrigated cereals respectively. Spatial maps of land and water productivity provide the areas performing well (progressive farmers with high productivity) and poor (farmers with low productivity) in a large basin. These rich information enables the water managers to understand the interventions undertaken at local level by both progressive and less progressive farmers. This helps in planning different interventions for a particular area for higher productivity. The annual average gross withdrawal for man-made and natural land uses are 0.8 BCM and 1.94 BCM respectively. It can be seen that water utilized for natural purposes is almost double than the man-made utilization. Out of the total man-made utilizations, almost 63% of withdrawal was from the surface water. Whereas, surface water utilization was 23% for the natural land uses. The total outflow from the seven sub-basins viz. Dhansiri, Chathe-Dzuza, Doyang, Dikhu, Tizit, Tsurang and Milak to the river Brahmaputra were about 14051 MCM. The estimated outflow from the catchment within the Nagaland to the Barak and Tizu (Irrawady Chindwin) basins were about 572 MCM and 4435 MCM respectively (Sheet 5). As per the estimates in Sheet 6, an annual vertical recharge of 15.68 BCM was estimated, out of which 87% was contributing to the baseflow. Groundwater withdrawal was about 1.77 BCM. An average annual gross inflow of 29 BCM of water was estimated in the study. A net inflow of 28.5 BCM was estimated with a net storage contribution of -0.5 BCM (a negative sign indicates net recharge). The committed flow, as provisioned in the WA+ framework, was estimated to the tune of 3.1 BCM. An annual average of 15.3 BCM of water is available for utilizations in the state, of which about 22% (3.4 BCM) is utilized, and the remaining 11.7 BCM of water was available for utilization (utilizable flow), but yet to be harnessed. Out of the total net inflow into the basin (28.5 BCM), 48% of water is consumed to meet mainly the ET requirements (ET green and ET blue). The study estimated an annual average outflow of 16.2 BCM (Sheet 1). Although all the estimates from WA+ was not validated, but the rich information available from the study provides a preliminary accounting of the water resources for the state of Nagaland entirely based on the satellite-based open access datasets. This will help the planners, policy makers and others associated in the water sector for undertaking appropriate actionable measures.

2024-05-01T00:00:00Z Mani, Pankaj Kumar, Rakesh Patra, J. P. Patra Scientist E Dr Biswajit Chakravorty, Chakravorty, Biswajit http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8014 2026-02-11T11:10:41Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

Report on Modeling and management of erosion and sedimentation processes in a stretch of Gandak River using morphodynamic modeling :A Purpose Driven Study under National Hydrology Project (PDS NO: NIH-34 _ 2019 _107) Mani, Pankaj; Kumar, Rakesh; Patra, J. P. Patra Scientist E Dr Biswajit Chakravorty,; Chakravorty, Biswajit A project proposal entitled “Modelling and management of erosion and sedimentation processes in alluvial river using morphodynamic modelling” was submitted to National Hydrology Project (NHP) as Purpose Driven Study (PDS) in May 2019. National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Patna is the lead organization and Water Recourses Department (WRD), Government of Bihar (GoB) is the partner organization in this PDS study. WRD nominated officials from Flood Management Improvement Support Centre (FMISC), WRD GoB as Principal Investigator (PI) and Co-PI (Annexure-I). The partner organization has the responsibility of providing the logistic support during field visit, data support and identification of a study site. Altogether 15 vulnerable sites (8 on Gandak river, 6 on Kosi river and one on Ganga river) were intimated by FMISC (Annexure-II). For this study the site one Gandak river from Kunwari village (near 47 km. of Saran Embankment) in u/s of Rewa Ghat up to Baligaon (near 30 km. of Saran Embankment) in d/s of Rewa Ghat bridge was finalized in consultation with FMISC. The main reason for selection of this stretch was its vulnerability to bank erosion at several locations and many anti-erosion works have been carried out in this stretch. However, the problem is not limited to this stretch and is widely spread over the entire alluvial stretch of Gangetic plain, and therefore, the lesson learnt from the specific study may be transferred to other reaches aslso.

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z Anjali Kumar, Sudhir Tyagi, J.V. Sharma, M.K. http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8013 2026-02-11T11:09:40Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

Leachate Transport Modeling for Gazipur landfill site for suggesting ameliorative measures (PDS NO: NIH-32_2019_105) Anjali; Kumar, Sudhir; Tyagi, J.V.; Sharma, M.K. Historically, landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world. On one hand, the properly managed landfill can become a source of energy generation and on the other a poorly managed landfill can become a source of air and water pollution. Solid waste landfills comprise a variety of solid, semi-solid, and small quantities of liquid wastes. These landfills generally remain open for decades before undergoing closure and post closure phases. During this period, contamination of air by the obnoxious gasses produced in the landfill and contamination of groundwater by the percolation of leachate occurs.

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z Sharma, M. K. Jain, C. K. Singh, Surjeet Kumar, Pradeep http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8012 2026-02-11T11:17:18Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Groundwater Quality Assessment with Special Reference to Sulphate contamination in Bemetara District of Chhattisgarh State and Ameliorative Measures (PDS NO. NIH-29_2017-70) Sharma, M. K.; Jain, C. K.; Singh, Surjeet; Kumar, Pradeep Groundwater is one of the most important sources for drinking water supply in the state of Chhattisagrh. The groundwater of Bemetara district is affected by sulphate contamination reported by Public Health Engineering Department, Durg. Therefore, Bemetara district is selected for the purpose-driven study of sulphate contamination in groundwater in collaboration of Water Resources Department (WRD), Govt. of Chhattisagarh, Raipur and NCCR, CGWB, Raipur. Based on the suggestion of WRD, Raipur the study is focused on Maniyari shell formation region for tracking the problem in a real sense. Hence, the study area is extended from the district Bemetara to Maniyari shell formation region. The high concentration of sulphate in groundwater is reported due to the dissolution of gypsum veins present within Maniyari shale formation. High concentration of sulphate in groundwater causes gastrointestinal irritation. Seventy-two groundwater samples were collected from different drinking water sources extensively being used in the study area during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of the years 2018-19 and 2019-20 and analyzed for determination of physico-chemical parameters and metal concentrations. Hydro-chemical data for the pre- and post monsoon seasons were processed as per BIS and WHO standards to examine the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. TDS, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphate and Nitrate and metal concentrations viz; Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd and As in the groundwater at few locations in the study area were found exceeded the maximum permissible limit prescribed by BIS (2012) for drinking water. The quality of the groundwater was found to vary from place to place for varying depth of water table. Ionic relationships were developed and water types were also identified. Spatial distribution maps were prepared in the form of contour diagrams to identify degraded water quality zones, and also the possible sources of pollution and specific parameters not conforming to drinking/ & irrigation water quality standards. Suitability of ground water for irrigation purpose was also assessed on the basis of total soluble salts, SAR, and RSC, and found to be fit for irrigation. Classification of water was made using Pipertrilinear diagram, Chadha’s diagram and U.S. Salinity Laboratory Classification. Majority of the samples from the study area was detected to belong to Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 or Ca-Mg-CO3-HCO3 hydrochemical facies, and fall under water types C3-S1 followed by C2-S1 for both pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The C3-S1 type water (high salinity and low SAR) cannot be used on soils with restricted drainage. Hydro-chemical data was also processed to understand the

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