http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2889 2026-04-21T22:12:37Z 2026-04-21T22:12:37Z Jain, C. K. http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/3010 2023-04-12T19:47:34Z 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z

SR-1/2009-10 : Phytoremediation : A plant based technology to clean up the environment Jain, C. K. There is a major international concern over the widespread contamination of soils and associated ground water by organic substances and heavy metals. The development of methods to remediate these contaminants has been a significant research interest for several decades. However. during the last two decades, phytoremediation has emerged as a focus for remediation of these pollutants because of its low cost, low energy requirement and promising research observing removal of organic substances and heavy metals from contaminated sites and associated ground water. This cost-effective plant-based approach to remediation takes advantage of the remarkable ability of plants to concentrate elements and compounds from the environment and to metabolize various molecules in their tissues. Toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants are the major targets for phytoremediation. In recent years, knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanisms of phytoremediation began to emerge together with biological and engineering strategies designed to optimize and improve the technique further. Phytoremediation has been studied extensively in research and small-scale demonstrations. but full scale applications are currently limited in number. However, some field trials confirmed the feasibility of using plants for environmental cleanup. This review concentrates on the most developed subsets of phytoremediation technology and on the biological mechanisms that make phytoremediation work. Further development and research in the area may lead to wider acceptance and use of phytoremediation at field level. In this report an attempt has been made to evaluate the current progress and trends in the area of phytoremediation of organic substances and heavy metals to improve the technique further and to extend its use to clean up the environment. The report presents advantages and disadvantages of phytoremediation in comparison with available technologies for remediation. The technique has been claimed as an attractive alternative to other existing methods of remediation of soils and water, There is an immediate need to pursue both fundamental and applied research to extend the potential use of phytoremediation.

2009-01-01T00:00:00Z Tyagi, J. V. http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/3009 2019-06-20T11:30:11Z 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z

SR-1/2008-09 : Status report on irrigation practices in India and options for more crop and income per drop of water Tyagi, J. V. Irrigation constitutes the main use of water and presently accounts for 84% of the total water withdrawals in India. One of the major concerns in irrigated agriculture is the generally poor efficiency with which water resources have been used for irrigation. Traditional irrigation technologies usually result in substantial water losses and limited uniformity in water distribution. Water use efficiency is presently estimated to be only 38 to 40% for canal irrigation and about 60% for ground water irrigation schemes. It is estimated that with 10% increase in the present level of water use efficiency, an additional 14 million ha area can be brought under irrigation from the existing irrigation capacities. One of the more evident problems in the future is the growth of alternative demands for water such as urban and industrial needs. Irrigation science in the future will undoubtedly face the problem of maximizing efficiency. The annual food grain requirement of India is projected at 450 million tonnes by the year 2050. The method, frequency and duration of irrigations have significant effects on crop yield and farm productivity. In view of the limited land and water resources, the pathway for achieving the target of 450 million tonnes of food grain production has to be higher productivity per units of arable land and water. The present status report discusses the standard irrigation methods (e.g. basin, border, furrow, sprinkler and drip systems) and the criteria for their selection under various conditions of topography, water availability, and type of crops etc. The existing irrigation practices in India, major issues and problems in irrigation management both from surface and ground water, agriculture sector performance and scope to increasing water use efficiency are also discussed. The major shortcomings in the irrigation systems include inadequate design, use of inappropriate technology, system layouts that do not adequately reflect existing conditions, inappropriate governance arrangements, and poor management practices. The most obvious manifestations of these shortcomings in irrigation are unreliable main system water supply, water wastage, water logging and poor maintenance practices. The agricultural growth rate during the past five years has decelerated to about 1.5 percent from about 3 to 3.5 percent during the preceding 20 years, thus dropping below the population growth rate, for the first time during the past 40 years. The total factor productivity growth rate particularly in the main Green Revolution belts of rice wheat or rice- rice systems has decelerated. Technology fatigue in agricultural development is 1- eing felt widely which is further compounded with huge technology transfer gaps at various levels. Average national yields of most agricultural commodities in India are about 40 to 50 percent of the corresponding World averages. The gaps between potential and realizable and between realizable and average realized yields in the country are generally around 50 to 100 percent, respectively (Swami Nathan Sub-Committee, 2006). The existing exploitable yield gaps should be seen as an opportunity for future growth that is consistent with agro-ecological, environmental, socio-economic, political and technological settings in the major production regimes. Modem irrigation technologies, particularly sprinkler and drip irrigation, increase water use efficiency. They have opened up opportunities to cultivate soils with low waterholding capacity (sandy and rock soils) and to farm low quality lands and steep slopes. This technology has also enabled regions facing limited water supplies to shift from low-value crops with high water requirements (e.g. cereal) to high value crops with lower water requirements such as fruits, vegetables and oil seeds. The interventions are, therefore, required to help produce more crop and income per drop of water by increasing the water use efficiency and by managing the water demand of crops through improved irrigation practices and the improved farming technologies. Under the 'Advisory Council on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water', a SubCommittee was constituted in 2006 under the chairmanship of Dr. M.S. Swami Nathan, with its members from various ministries and research organizations. The sub-committee in their report titled "More Crop and Income per Drop of Water" focused attention on the scope available for improving the efficiency of use of irrigation water in a manner that both the productivity and profitability of farming are enhanced. The report gives details of implementable action plans incorporating technologies along with their economics. The viable technologies and the action plans suggested in their report are reproduced in the present report. The interventions are suggested through both (i) supply management and (ii) demand management. The supply augmentation and management lays emphasis on improvement in water control structures for increasing the water use efficiency through efficient water conveyance, application and distribution systems coupled with geometrically efficient irrigation layouts; watershed development; and, desilting and management of a large number of existing tanks. The demand management concentrates on improved irrigation practices including sprinkler and drip with fertigation; the improved farming technologies such as Sustainable Rice Intensification (SRI) technology; improving soil health through composting, green manuring, and by integrated farming activities with animal, poultry and fisheries production; crop diversification and multiple uses of water e.g. rice and fish culture. Timely and dependable forecasting of weather for planning sowing and other farming operations; provision for credit, insurance and marketing are some other measures suggested in the report to help farmers increase their productivity and profitability. The need for reducing the gap between irrigation potential created and utilized in irrigation projects through better management practices; artificial recharge of groundwater resource; inter basin transfer of water; and the need for research on biotechnology approach that have tremendous potential to save water by reducing the water consumption of plants and by treating the waste water, are also highlighted in the report. The recommended action plans and implementation structure for proposed plans are presented. The experiences and success stories of proposed technologies, including the micro irrigation, gathered from researchers and various states are also presented for the benefit of stake holders and the planners.

2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Singh, Vivekanand http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/3008 2019-06-20T11:27:15Z 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z

SR-1-2004-05 : Recharge through ephemeral stream- a status report Singh, Vivekanand Ephemeral stream transmission loss represents an important groundwater surface water exchange in arid and semiarid regions and is potentially a significant source of recharge at the basin scale. However, identification of the processes and dynamics that control this exchange is a challenging problem. Specifically, data on the proportion of runoff transmission losses that escapes from near channel transpiration and wetted channel evaporation to become deep groundwater recharge are difficult to obtain. The estimation of transmission losses is also required to provide adequate in stream flow requirements to maintain healthy stream ecosystems. In addition, the effect of transmission losses on river flow has direct implications on water supply planning issues such as water consumption, water conservation and groundwater recharge. In this study, literatures related to recharge through ephemeral stream have been reviewed and compiled. There have been several attempts to quantify ephemeral stream recharge using different methods. The selection of most appropriate method often depends on the circumstances related to the individual study and the availability of the data. Of all the methods reviewed in this report, the combined use of differential equations physical based and regression offer the most promise and seem more realistic as they consider the physical processes related to losses and recharge to study the generic form of the equations and then use regression to develop site specific prediction equations.

2004-01-01T00:00:00Z Jain, Sanjay K. http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/3007 2023-04-12T20:53:09Z 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z

SR-1/2002-03 : Application of remote sensing and GIS in water logging studies Jain, Sanjay K. Waterlogging is one of the major land degradation processes that restrict the economic and efficient utilisation of soil and land resources in command areas. Since Independence, various irrigation schemes, for providing water for agriculture and drinking have been taken up by central and state agencies in India. In these schemes very little effort have been made for proper drainage. Due to obstruction of natural drainage by way of construction of roads, railways, aerodrome, various structures etc., causes the ponding of monsoon runoff on the upstream of the structures. This has happened at many places, which in turn has disturbed the surface hydrology of the areas. Subsurface waterlogging occurs due to rise in water table and water remaining in the root zone, which adversely affects the crops because of inadequate ground water drainage. In view of this situation it is becoming imperative not only to monitor the problem over time and space but also to look at it in totality for its prevention and control. Waterlogging information had been generated through conventional surveys using cadastral maps and / topographical sheets - a tedious, time-consuming and impractical process, especially in rugged or inaccessible terrain. The conventional means are however, not only difficult and time consuming but also laborious due to vagaries of the weather. Remote sensing is one of the key tools in monitoring local, regional and global environment issues. The development of aerial photograph interpretation and the subsequent advances in satellite remote sensing and image processing techniques have enabled the detection, mapping and monitoring of waterlogged areas in a timely and cost-effective manner. Advantages of the information acquired by satellite remote sensing are of synoptic coverage, repetitive and the easiness to compare the data before, during and after monsoons. This report attempts to present the information about the extent of waterlogging , conventional methodology in brief and application of remote sensing technique in detail.

2002-01-01T00:00:00Z