http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7958 Fri, 06 Feb 2026 19:42:59 GMT 2026-02-06T19:42:59Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8011 Title: Hydrological Modelling for Evaluation of Return Flow and Irrigation Planning for Optimal Utilization of Water Resources in the Command of Sanjay Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh (PDS NO: NIH-28_2017_69) Authors: Jaiswal, R.K.; Galkate, Ravi; Thomas, T.; Indwar, Shashi P.; Lohani, A.K.; Kumar, Sudhir; Singh, Surjeet Abstract: India is an agrarian country that uses its major portion of surface and groundwater resources for irrigation. The losses through conveyance and application are the major losses in irrigation and a significant portion of released water from the reservoir may emerge downstream of the river called regenerated flow. Presently in Madhya Pradesh state, a fixed 10% of water release is used as regenerated flow from the command which needs to be verified using scientific assessment for optimal utilization. The WRD MP and NIH RC, Bhopal took up a collaborative research study to identify different hydrological components for computation of return flow and development of a management model for optimal utilization of irrigation water in the irrigation command. This purpose-driven study under the National Hydrology Project has been taken up on the command of the Sanjay Sagar Project situated on the Bah River in the Vidisha district of M.P. Under the Sanjay Sagar project, a dam is constructed in the year 2014 on river Bah with a gross storage capacity of 86.40 MCM to irrigate 9398 ha area in the command during the Rabi season. In the present study, three different modeling and measurement techniques i.e. water balance, isotopic analyses, and hydrological modeling were used to compute surface and sub surface components of irrigation return flow in an irrigation command. The water balance technique was applied through monitoring and measurement after careful analysis of the system. More than 400 water samples from diverse sources including rainfall, dams, canals, rivers, open/bore wells, and hand pumps were analyzed for isotopic analysis. The end member mixing model was used to identify the contribution in open wells and rivers from rainfall and canal/dam water. The SWAT model was used as the third method, a well-proven model for analyzing large-scale hydrological processes in a basin. The model was initially calibrated and validated for virgin flow for the period of 1991-2013 and then two different runs were made with and without the dam and command for the period of 2014 to 2022 (After the construction of the dam in 2013). For running these scenarios, necessary changes were made in the model structure, and results were compared to compute return flow components. The water balance analysis confirmed that a major portion of released ware from the dam in the range of 12.3 to 35.9% with an average of 22.9% reaching the Bah river as regenerated flow, while 1.9 to 16% with an average of 10.2% reached groundwater as recharge. The isotopic analysis provided qualitative results of contribution in open and confined wells and rivers from irrigation water with nearly 81 % and 9% contribution of canal water to open wells and bore wells respectively. The SWAT model results showed nearly 27.8% emerged as regenerated flow and 8.9% as recharge due to the application of irrigation in Sanjay Sagar‘s command. The field data for soil samples were collected and analyzed for textural analysis and soil water retention properties. Soil water retention is an important characteristic of irrigation planning. The soil is mainly silty loam having field capacity and wilting point of 35.8 and 19.6% respectively. The NAM model for the Bah River up to the G/D site was set up and the model was calibrated and validated for the period from 1991 to 2005 and validated from 2006 to 2013. The coefficient of determination (R2) found during calibration and validation for daily modeling were 0.68 and 0.62 respectively showing a good match between observed and simulated runoff data. After successfully developing the NAM model, a MIKE HYDRO basin model for irrigation management of Sanjay Sagar command was developed in which calibrated parameters of the NAM model were used to determine inflows into the reservoir to feed water to four water user associations (WUAs) as irrigation users. The cropping pattern in the study area is mainly wheat and very small areas of gram. The developed management model in MIKE HYDRO basin was run from 2015 to 2021 and determined yearly demand and deficit for different WUAs. The model was run for four different management scenarios and the best result was found with no deficit was found at 75% conveyance efficiency with the sprinkler irrigation method. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8011 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8010 Title: Groundwater salinity source identification in the Godavari delta, A.P. (PDS No: SP-28/2017-18/PDS-13) Authors: Rao, Y. R. Satyaji; Kumar, Sudhir; Vijay, T.; Ramana, R. Venkata Abstract: The groundwater quality in the Godavari delta, Andhra Pradesh has been evaluated in terms of salinity. It was found that the average salinity (EC) in shallow and piezometer wells has increased from 1664 to 2428 and 2515 µS/cm to 3606 µS/cm from the years 2005 to 2017 respectively. The surface water bodies mapping has been carried out using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) for the years 2005, 2009, 2014, and 2019 in the Godavari delta. The percentage of water bodies in the delta has increased from 13.6 to 21.17 from the year 2005 to 2019. These increased water bodies are compared with agriculture and aquaculture data and found that these changes are mainly due to aquaculture activities. A monitoring network of shallow wells (47) and piezometer wells (51) has been used to identify salinity zones in the Godavari Delta using water types and Cl/HCO3 ratio (molar). The identified salinity zones are validated with the improved network of shallow wells (100) and piezometer wells (46) of the year 2020. Five salinity zones (Zone I to Zone V) have been identified in the Godavari delta. The stable isotope characteristics have helped to identify the salinity sources of each zone with the confirmation of hydrogeochemical evaluation. Zone I is classified as fresh water and recharge sources to the groundwater are canal seepage/precipitation. Zone II and Zone III are classified as slightly brackish and brackish respectively. The groundwater salinity in shallow wells is more when compared to piezometer wells in these two zones, this is mainly due to the impact of anthropogenic activities on shallow wells. Zone IV is identified as a saline zone, and the salinity source is the evaporation process for shallow and piezometer wells. Zone V is classified as high saline. Evaporation and marine clays are the dominant sources for the high salinity in the piezometer wells, however, there is not much evaporation in the shallow wells since rainfall is recharging shallow groundwater. The tritium data of shallow wells and piezometer wells further enhance the salinity sources in the Godavari delta. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8010 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8009 Title: Project Report Chemical & Isotopic Characterization of Deep Aquifers of Middle Ganga Basin Authors: Kumar, Sudhir; Rao, M.S. Abstract: Water is an essential resource that is crucial for sustaining life and plays a vital role in various aspects of human activities. It is vital for drinking, culinary purposes, irrigation, construction, and industrial processes. The significance of water stems from the fact that it constitutes approximately 60% of an individual's body mass and is essential for regulating body temperature and facilitating physiological functions. Adequate hydration, achieved through both liquid intake and water-rich foods, is necessary to replenish the fluid lost through respiration, perspiration, and digestion. Insufficient availability of water can lead to extensive famine conditions, particularly affecting agricultural output. The world’s population is projected to reach 8 billion on 15 November 2022, and India is projected to surpass China as the world’s most populous country in 2023 (UN 2022). In the industrial sector, water serves multiple purposes and is indispensable for various operations. Industries such as thermoelectric power generation, manufacturing plants, ore refining units, and hydroelectric facilities heavily rely on water. Water acts as a solvent, cooling agent, and chemical reagent in these processes. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), water is integral to product creation, processing, cleansing, dilution, cooling, and transportation in industrial contexts. Critical industries like smelting, petroleum refining, food and paper manufacturing, and chemical production heavily depend on water. Agriculture plays a fundamental role in India, providing subsistence for a significant portion of the population. About 45.8% labor forces are engaged in agricultural pursuits (PLFS, 2022-23), highlighting the substantial water utilization in irrigation and the nation's dependability both for productivity and employment of water resources. Groundwater withdrawal for irrigation purposes has increased in India, particularly in the state of Uttar Pradesh (UP). UP is the 4th largest state in terms of geographical area in the Indian sub-continent, and the 5th highest population density state (excluding Union Territories) in the country (Census, 2011). As per agro-productivity data of the economic survey for the year 2022-23, UP is the largest producer of wheat and sugarcane, 2nd largest producer of rice, and the 3rd largest producer of tur in the country. Considering uses of groundwater in all the sectors (irrigation, domestic and industrial), the stage of groundwater extraction (percentage of groundwater extraction with respect to annual extractable groundwater) of the state is 70.18%. However, if the unreported or underreported data pertaining to these sectors are considered then the stage of groundwater extraction is likely to reach to 85.24%. 70% administrative blocks of the state are witnessing groundwater devline. This is despite the fact that the major rivers of Himlayan origin such as Ganges, Yamuna, Ghaghara Gomti, Rapti, Gandak, Son, Sarda etc, flows through the state; the huge network of canal originating from these rivers caters the irrigation needs, and that the Central Ganga Plain is known for having the richest groundwater repository in the World (Sinha, 2021). Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8009 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8008 Title: Integrated Study on Groundwater Dynamics in the Coastal Aquifers of West Bengal for Sustainable Groundwater Management Authors: Goel, M.K.; Kumar, Sudhir; Rao, M.S; Haldar, Subrat Abstract: Coastal zones are vital regions that support approximately 40% of the global population, serving as crucial hubs for economic activities, agriculture, and settlements. However, these areas are increasingly threatened by rapid urbanization, climate change, rising sea levels, and seawater intrusion. Coastal West Bengal, particularly in districts like East Medinipur, South 24 Parganas, and Howrah, is acutely experiencing these challenges, compounded by excessive groundwater extraction and pollution. Understanding the structure of the saline-freshwater interface is essential for assessing diminishing fresh groundwater reserves, the discharge of fresh groundwater into the sea, salt enrichment in inland aquifers, and pollutant discharge into the marine environment. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of groundwater and surface water quality, runoff potential, seawater intrusion, and the impacts of population growth. A robust methodology was employed, including the collection of archival data on surface water, groundwater, and aquifer characteristics, supplemented by field and laboratory investigations. Detailed analyses of hydrogeology, water quality, and isotopic composition were conducted to evaluate the dynamic interactions between freshwater and seawater in the region, aiming to deliver actionable insights for planners, decision-makers, and implementation agencies. Key Findings: 1. Rainfall and Runoff: The average annual rainfall in the study area was recorded at 1728 ± 293 mm, with significant spatial variation. Higher rainfall near the coast contributes to runoff, especially in watersheds like the Damodar River, where runoff percentages reached 52.53%. This data is critical for flood management and urban planning. 2. Groundwater Potential: The study identified four groundwater potential zones: very high (16.78%), high (53.48%), moderate (29.52%), and low (0.22%). Areas with flat or gently sloping terrain showed higher recharge potential, indicating suitable regions for sustainable groundwater extraction. 3. Water Quality: High salinity levels were observed in shallow aquifers near the Haldi River, with notable declines in bicarbonate levels at greater depths. Isotopic analysis confirmed significant seawater intrusion, emphasizing the urgency of managing groundwater extraction to prevent further degradation. 4. Seawater Intrusion: Population growth is accelerating seawater intrusion, particularly in densely populated areas like Kolkata and Howrah. Mapping seawater intrusion in relation to population density reveals high-risk zones requiring targeted management strategies. 5. Long-Term Water Quality Trends: From 2010 to 2022, groundwater salinity fluctuated, with some areas showing freshening trends while others, particularly Howrah and Kolkata, continued to struggle with high salinity. Heavy metal concentrations, including arsenic and manganese, exceeded safe levels, necessitating immediate intervention for public health. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8008 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z