http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7 Thu, 12 Feb 2026 07:13:25 GMT 2026-02-12T07:13:25Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7977 Title: Operations and Principles of Low Level Liquid Scintillation counters and application in Water Resource Managemen : Summer Internship Training Report Authors: Ronald BS, Aaron Alexander; Krishan, Gopal Abstract: Tritium (^3H), a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a half-life of 12.32 years, serves as a vital tracer for determining the age and recharge characteristics of groundwater. Naturally produced through cosmic ray interactions and historically elevated by mid-20th century nuclear testing, tritium integrates into the hydrological cycle primarily as tritiated water (HTO). This applies tritium dating to groundwater samples from eight locations in Punjab, India, using measured tritium units (TU) and liquid scintillation counting (LSC) to infer residence times. Groundwater samples underwent pre-treatment, electrolytic enrichment, and final tritium activity measurement using an ultra-low-level liquid scintillation spectrometer. Tritium concentrations were converted to TU, and water ages were estimated using the radioactive decay formula, assuming a modern recharge level of 10 TU. The results reveal a spatial gradient in groundwater age. This regional tritium distribution suggests groundwater flow from northwest to southeast and highlights variations in recharge conditions driven by topography, aquifer type, and anthropogenic influences. This report also explains the utility of tritium as a tracer for delineating recharge zones, estimating flow velocities, and guiding sustainable groundwater management. Future integration of stable isotope analysis (δ¹⁸O, δ²H) and hydrogeological modeling is recommended to enhance understanding of recharge sources and aquifer connectivity. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7977 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7972 Title: Workshop on Groundwater Rejuvenation As Climate Change Resilience for marginalized and gender sensitive Ganges (GRACERS) Authors: Kumar, Sudhir; Pingale, Santosh; Kant, Sumit Abstract: The main research objective is to identify hot-spots for decentralized and distributed groundwater recharge networks. The specific objectives of the project are: • Identify change in drinking water supply sources for rural, marginalized and women communities • Identify socio-economic stress due to poor groundwater quality and quantity • Identify loss of labor time and education time due to water fetching activities • Identify health issues in consuming polluted water and long-term impacts • Understand limitations in current water diplomacy and potential recommendations to the Government • Identify limitations in groundwater recharge due to centralized water supply schemes • Identify potential private ownership models for rural communities to sustainably manage recharge structures, once key funders exit • Provide knowledge and technical support to government agencies working in the Ganges basin • Provide scientifically validated management plans for up-scaling distributed groundwater recharge networks. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7972 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7030 Title: A Brief Report on NHP sponsored Five-days Online Training Course on HYDROLOGICAL MODELING USING SOIL AND WATER ASSESSMENT TOOL (SWAT): THEORY AND HANDS-ON (August 22-26, 2022 at NIH, Roorkee) Authors: Nema, M. K.; Singh, Vishal Abstract: Water is a vital natural resource. Hydrological modelling is an essential aspect of any development project for planning, designing, executing, and managing water resources efficiently. A hydrologic model simplifies a real-world system (e.g., surface water, soil water, wetland, groundwater, estuary) that aids in understanding, predicting, and managing water resources. Both the flow and quality of water are commonly studied using hydrologic models. SWAT is widely used in assessing soil erosion prevention and control, non-point source pollution control and regional management in watersheds. This training course was designed to impart and transfer the working knowledge of using a semi-distributed hydrological model called the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), which is a small watershed to river basin scale model used to simulate the quality and quantity of surface and ground water and predict the environmental impact of land use, land management practices, and climate change. Mon, 01 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7030 2022-08-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/6804 Title: A brief report on online training on Soil & water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Feb28-04March 2022 Authors: Nema, M. K.; Singh, Vishal Abstract: Water is a vital natural resource. Hydrological modelling is an essential aspect of any development project for planning, designing, executing, and managing water resources efficiently. A hydrologic model simplifies a real-world system (e.g., surface water, soil water, wetland, groundwater, estuary) that aids in understanding, predicting, and managing water resources. Both the flow and quality of water are commonly studied using hydrologic models. SWAT is widely used in assessing soil erosion prevention and control, non-point source pollution control and regional management in watersheds. This training course was designed to impart and transfer the working knowledge of a popular semi-distributed hydrological model called the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). This model is a small watershed to river basin-scale model used to simulate surface and ground water quality and quantity and predict the environmental impact of land use, land management practices, and climate change. SWAT, a river basin or watershed scale model, is a physically-based, spatially distributed, continuous model that operates on a daily time step. It is a product of four decades of modelling efforts by USDA-ARS, USDA-NRCS and Texas A&M University. It was developed to predict the impact of land management practices on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields in large complex watersheds with varying soils, land use and management conditions over long periods. It can incorporate the effects of tanks and the reservoirs/check dams off-stream as well as on-stream. The significant advantage of SWAT is that it does not require much calibration. Therefore, it can be used on ungauged watersheds and predict relative impacts of alternative scenarios such as changes in management practices, climate and vegetation on water quality and quantity. Model output includes all water balance components at the level of each watershed and is available at daily, monthly or annual time steps. SWAT model has been extensively used to address water resources and nonpoint-source pollution problems for various scales and environmental conditions across the globe. SWAT allows several different physical processes to be simulated in a watershed. A watershed may be partitioned into many sub-watersheds or sub-basins for modelling purposes. Thus, a user can reference different areas of the watershed to one another spatially. The input information for each sub-basin is grouped or organized into the following categories: climate; hydrologic response units or HRUs; ponds/reservoirs/ wetlands; groundwater and main channel, or reach, draining the sub-basins. HRUs have lumped land areas within the sub-basin that are comprised of unique land cover, soil and management combinations. SWAT typically uses the ArcSWAT interface to create inputs that work in the licensed ArcGIS environment. The Quantum GIS (QGIS) is a free and open-source GIS that performs most of the functions of commercial GIS. Given its robustness and wide use in academic and professional environments, the present training course was conducted using QSWAT, a QGIS interface for the SWAT model. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/6804 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z