http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/26 Thu, 12 Feb 2026 11:07:43 GMT 2026-02-12T11:07:43Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/4114 Title: TR(2016)-Assessing climate change impact across KBK (Kalahandi-Bolangir-Koraput) region of Odisha Authors: Mishra, P. K.; Jain, Sharad K.; Jain, Sanjay K.; Singh, R. D. Abstract: In the recent few decades, importance of climate change has immensely increased due to global warming and its projected effects on hydrologic cycle. Rainfall pattern is extremely varied both spatially and temporally. Temperature is also changing fast. Any change in the rainfall magnitude and pattern will have considerable impact on the water resources. According to IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), precipitation trends, including extremes, are characterized by strong variability, with both increasing and decreasing trends observed in different parts and seasons of Asia. Over India, the increase in the number of monsoon break days and the decline in the number of monsoon depressions are consistent with the overall decrease in seasonal mean rainfall. But an increase in extreme rainfall events occurred at the expense of weaker rainfall events over the central Indian region and in many other areas. Almost all models and all scenarios project an increase in both the mean and extreme precipitation in the Indian summer monsoon. In a study of the Mahanadi River Basin in India, a water availability projection (A2, CGCM2) indicated increasing possibility of floods in September but increasing water scarcity in April (Asokan and Dutta, 2008). Constant occurrences of events like flood, drought, high intensity rainfall, hailstorm etc. are being reported throughout the world (Mirza, 2003; Kundzewicz et. al, 2005; Kyselý, 2008). These increasing extreme incidents have led to the rising concern of climate change. Changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and temperature are a major component in many studies. Fri, 01 Jan 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/4114 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2661 Title: TR(BR)-2/2007 : Evaluation of water harvesting structures in the Kandi belt of Jammu region Authors: Singh, Vivekanand; Vatsa, Rajan; Ram, Shobha; Mittal, Sanjay; Kotwal, Suraj P.; Goel, M. K.; Mali, Santosh S.; Kumar, Naresh Abstract: Kandi-belt is the steeply sloping submontane belt of the Himalayas fringing the Siwalik hills and extending discontinuously from Jammu and Kashmir to Assam. This dry-looking belt has undulating topography, steep and irregular slopes, erodible and low water retentive soils. Major land and water management problems being faced in the Kandi-belt include excessive runoff, soil erosion, land degradation and erratic water distribution in space and time hampering agricultural production. Population in the entire belt suffers from water scarcity. Groundwater table is deep and streams carry huge debris material during monsoon. Ponds have played a crucial role in the Kandi-belt. Their water was utilized for domestic purposes and, to a limited extent, for irrigation purposes. These ponds also helped in improving the ground water regime in the region. Almost all villages in the Kandi-belt have one big pond to meet the domestic needs throughout the year. These big ponds were constructed with masonry work on three sides, the fourth side left open for the water to flow in. However, by the middle of the 20th century, piped drinking water supply led to the neglect of these ponds most of which are today in a state of utter neglect. A long-term solution to the water scarcity problem in the Kandi-belt lies in the rejuvenation of these village ponds. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the present status of ponds in terms of quantity and quality of the available resources. Field investigations have been carried out for 45 ponds in the Kandi-belt. In addition to the evaluation of physical features, water quality parameters, and soil properties, hydrological evaluation has been attempted and water balance analysis has been demonstrated for a sample large pond. For the estimation ofphysical features, the shape, perimeter, area, depth, storage volume, age, utility, and annual status of the ponds (whether perennial or seasonal) have been determined for all the surveyed ponds. Various water quality parameters that have been evaluated from the samples of different ponds include: pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, calcium and magnesium hardness, chloride, sulphate, sodium, potassium, nitrate and total dissolved solids (TDS). The physical parameters such as temperature, pH and electrical conductivity were determined. In general, the water quality of the ponds was not found suitable for domestic purposes. At the periphery of 37 ponds, soil samples were collected for textural analysis. Soil texture in 17 ponds was found to belong to sandy-loam type and in other 18 ponds, it was found to be silt-loam type. Further, infiltration tests were carried out in the bed of three ponds using double-ring infiltrometer. Infiltration capacities of the bed of the ponds were found to vary from 1.2 mm/hr in silt loam to 5.4 mm/hr in sandy loam type of soil. For the hydrological evaluation, water balance studies have been carried out and demonstrated for a large pond so that different components of water balance (say inflow, evaporation losses, seepage losses, outflow etc.) could be studied in detail. Because of the non-availability of any hydrological observations, inflow to a pond from its contributing catchment area was estimated by using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Curve Number method. A computer program was written to estimate the inflow to a pond using SCS method. Another computer program was written for the water balance computation of the pond at daily time step. The program reads daily rainfall, generated catchment flow, and evaporation depth and calculates the revised depth, area, storage, seepage and evaporation losses, and spill at daily time step. Sohal pond was selected for water balance analysis. From the SCS analysis, the runoff coefficient for the catchment of Sohal pond was found to be 0.225. From the water balance analysis, it was observed that the pond remains perennial through out the year. Seepage loss is the major water loss factor for the pond. In the monsoon season, the spill from the pond is also appreciable. If the water of the pond is diverted for irrigation or other domestic use during such surplus periods, the storage of the pond can be optimally utilised. At present, the water of the pond is not used for any purpose. There is a strong need to conserve the quality and quantity of the water of Sohal pond which can benefit the society in the long run. In this study, hydrological evaluation has been demonstrated for only one pond. However, generalized computer programs have been developed which can be used for the hydrological analysis of any other pond in the Kandi-belt. This study has the limitations of observation of hydrological data in the area. If only a simple staff gauge is installed in each pond and daily observations of pond water level are recorded, significant improvements in the analysis can be made and results can be verified. There is a strong need for the rejuvenation of ponds in the Kandi-belt for coping with the water scarcity problem. These ponds not only harness and preserve the surface water resources but also recharge the groundwater. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2661 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2660 Title: TR(BR)-2/2006 : Estimation of sediment rates and pattern in sagar lake using Radiometric dating techniques Authors: Bhar, A. K.; Singh, Surjeet; Thakural, L. N.; Kumar, Bhishm Abstract: Sagar lake is situated in the middle of the Sagar city at an elevation of 517 meters above mean sea level in the Vindhyan terrain of Bundelkhand region. Lake surface area is 145 ha at full tank level. The maximum depth is 5.3 meter. The maximum length and width of the lake are 1247 metres and 1207 metres, respectively. The lake mean depth is 2.69 metres. Volume of the lake is 389 ha-m. Catchment area of the lake is 1817 ha. Sedimentation rate and pattern in lake have been carried out using "7Cs and l'aPb radiometric dating techniques. Sedimentation rate in the lake varies between 0.14 to 1.68 cm/y depending upon the location in the lake. The mean sedimentation rate is 0.956 cm/y. In the present study, lake has been subdivided into eight zones on the basis of sedimentation rate and under water topography and the lake life has been estimated. The estimated life based on Post-1964 average sedimentation rate of the lake is around 467 years. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2660 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2659 Title: TR(BR)-I-2013 Study of reservoir sedimentation, impact assessment and development of catchment area treatment plan for Kodar reservoir in Chhattisgarh state Authors: Jaiswal, R. K.; Galkate, R. V.; Thomas, T.; Singh, Surjeet Abstract: The soil erosion, movement and deposition are part of natural hydrological processes, but the rate of sedimentation is accelerated due to environmental degradation, lack of conservation measures, change in land use, deforestation etc. The catchment area which is the source of endowment is generally overlooked in most of the water resources projects cause reduction of useful storages, loss of nutrients, overtopping of reservoir and life of reservoirs. Reservoir surveys are necessary to get more realistic data/estimate regarding the rate of siltation and to provide reliable criteria for studying the implication of annual loss of storage over a definite period of time with particular reference to reduction of intended benefits in the form of irrigation potential, hydropower, flood absorption capacity and water supply for domestic and industrial uses etc; and periodic reallocation of available storage for various pool levels. The fast growing development and ignorance of catchment area treatment plan during and after implementation of project accelerating the rate of sedimentation and disturbing the ecological balance in reservoirs. While it is not possible to totally avoid or stop siltation, one way to reduce the siltation of the reservoirs is to implement scientifically designed catchment area treatment (CAT) plan that may enhance the life and efficiency of the project as well as the availability of water in command area. Chhattisgarh is one of the States which is included in the Hydrology Project Phase II. For the livelihood of the state, the irrigation projects and their working with the designed efficiencies, periodic assessment of reservoirs, conservation and treatment plan for catchment and modification in reservoir operation plan are essential. The Kodar reservoir which is constructed on river Kodar, a tributary of river Mahanadi has been selected for the systematic and scientific study of reservoir sedimentation, sediment yield from catchment areas, prioritization of catchment for soil conservation measures, sediment modeling in the inflowing rivers and impact assessment analysis of conservation measures on sedimentation under the PDS. The identification of environmentally stressed areas, development of catchment area treatment (CAT) plan and rainfall-runoff- sediment modeling require to handle spatial data. Therefore, GIS based data base of the study area have been generated using ILWIS and Arc GIS software. The sedimentation study for the Kodar reservoir has been carried out using digital image processing technique of remote sensing data. The normalized deviation water index (NDWI), normalized deviation vegetation index (NDVI), image ratio (IR) and false color composite (FCC) have been used for identification of water pixels from rest of images. The sedimentation study showed that 24.94 Mm3 of gross storages and 4.89 Mm3 of dead storage have been lost in 32 years (1976-77 to 2008-09). The analysis of rainfall and other meteorological data have been carried out and data base have been created for sediment modeling. The land use map of Kodar catchment has been generated using supervised classification technique of LISS IV data. The Kodar catchment is primarily an agriculture watershed with dense forest on ridges only. The soil testing on 11 sites in the study area considering variation of soil type and land uses have been carried out for in-situ tests including infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity, field density and laboratory tests for textural analysis, nutrient analysis and sp. gravity etc. The soils in the study area are silty loam and sandy loam type with saturated hydraulic conductivity varies from 0.10 cm/hr to 88.95 cm/hr. The Kostikov and modified Kostikov models are found the most suitable to display the infiltration characteristics of soils in the catchment. The results of soil analysis in Kodar catchment have been used in prioritization, development of CAT plan and sediment modeling. For identification of environmentally stressed sub-watersheds in Kodar catchment, Saaty's analytical hierarchical process (AHP) has been employed with participation of nine environmental hazardous parameters (EHPs) including soil loss using USLE/RUSLE model (SL), sediment production rate (SPR), sediment yield (SY), sediment transport index or sediment power index (STI or SPI), slope (Si), drainage density (Dd), channel frequency (CO, form factor (RI) and circulatory ratio (Rc). The Saaty's AHP is a structured technique for dealing with complex decisions involves building a hierarchy (Ranking) of decision elements and then making comparisons between each possible pair in each cluster (as a matrix). For prioritization and development of CAT plan, the Kodar catchment has been divided into sixty seven sub-watersheds. The soil loss in the Kodar catchment using RUSLE model indicated that sub-watershed SW-27 may be the least vulnerable produces minimum average soil loss of 0.51t/ha, while sub-watershed SW-44 should be considered on top priority with 73.21 t/ha annually. For estimation sediment yield (SY) from sub-watersheds of Kodar catchment, a simple regression model based on rainfall, slope, land use and geomorphological parameters suggested by Kumar, 1985 and Rao & Mahabaleswara, 1990 has been used. The sediment transport index, sediment power index, average slope, drainage density (Dd), channel frequency (Cf), form factor (RO and circulatory ratio (Re) for all sub-watersheds have been computed with the help of sub-routine and other applications of ILWIS 3.7 software. The weights obtained from Saaty's AHP and normalized values (varies between 0 and 1) of EHPs have been used to compute final priority of each sub-watershed in Kodar catchment. On the basis of final priority, all sub-watersheds of Kodar catchment has been grouped in five classes of priority namely very high, high, moderate, low and very low on the basis of priority ranking. From the Saaty's AHP analysis, the normalized priority for SW-44 has been computed as 0.74 and identified as the top most priority watershed. Similarly, SW-41 may be considered at the last in conservation works. The AHP analysis suggested that more than 21 sub-watersheds covering 117 sq. km area of Kodar reservoir catchment comes under very high and high priority and hence a scientifically developed CAT plan consisting mechanical, biological and agronomic measures should be implemented in these sub-watersheds on priority basis. The scientifically developed catchment area treatment plan identifies environmentally stressed areas, necessity and intensity of mechanical and biological measures to arrest further soil erosion and conserve water with in the watershed. In the study, weighted overlay technique of various thematic maps including geology, geomorphology, soil, land use and drainage with some guiding principles have been used to identify suitable sites for mechanical measures and areas which can be brought under agronomic and biological measures of soil conservation. The CAT plan for Kodar catchment consists of 37 gully plugs, 22 nala plugs, 21 boulder bunds and 6 check darns under mechanical measures with 101.61 ha land for afforestation, 114.86 ha for agro-forestry and 11.41 ha land for development of grazing land under agronomic and biological measures. The proposed CAT plans consisting gram panchayat wise areas for specific soil conservation measure may be beneficial for local administration to take these works on priority basis The Soil and Water Analysis Tool (SWAT) model has been employed for rainfall-runoff- sediment model and impact assessment of soil conservation measures under CAT plan on runoff and sediment regime in Kodar catchment. The SWAT model is a distributed parameter and continuous time simulation model designed to predict the impact of land management practices on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields in large complex watersheds with varying soils, land use and management conditions over long periods of time. The SWAT model was first setup on river Kodar up to Koma G/D site where runoff and sediment data were collected during the period of PDS (2010- 1012) for calibration and validation later extended to whole Kodar catchment. From the analysis of sensitivity simulation, it has been observed that the threshold depth of water in shallow aquifer (GWQMN) and Manning's N for main channel (CH N2) is the most important from runoff and sediment modeling respectively. After manual changes in the sensitive parameters, rewritten of files and simulation run were carried out to determine computed runoff, sediment etc. from different subwatersheds. The observed and computed values of runoff/sediment were compared using goodness of fit parameters including root mean absolute error (RMAE), integral square error (ISE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, scatter plot and graphical representation. After successful validation, the model parameters with suitable modification wherever required were implemented on whole Kodar catchment. The impact assessment analyses on runoff and sediment have been carried out by generating two different scenarios prior and after application of soil conservation measures as Pre-BMP and Post-BMP. The results indicated that maximum sediment load found in the month of Sept 2011 which was 2.97 t/ha under monthly rainfall of 743 mm in Kodar reservoir catchment during the period of implementation of model (2010 to 2012). If suitable soil conservation measures and BMP applied in the catchment, the sediment entry in the reservoir can be reduced to 1.63 t/ha under same rainfall condition. The BMP and CAT plan have little impact on runoff pattern from the catchments of Koma and Kodar reservoir, but able to reduce significantly the sediment transported through channels which otherwise deposited in Kodar reservoir if no measures were taken. The results of the study and methodology suggested in the PDS can beneficially be used in other water resources projects for reduction of useful storages, increase in water availability, social and economical development of weaker section of society and generation of employment through conservation measures. The proposed methodology can be used as guidelines for assessment of expected soil loss and suitable conservation measures for sustainable development in design of new water resource projects. During the course of PDS, extensive field visits were made and two knowledge dissemination workshops were organized to get feedback from stakeholders, government department, technocrats etc. Overwhelming response have been received during the interaction and need of regular estimation of reservoir revised capacities, development and implementation of scientifically designed CAT plan and awareness for soil and water conservation measures in mass were identified as the key issues for sustainable development of water resources. Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2659 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z