http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1372 Mon, 13 Apr 2026 20:27:31 GMT 2026-04-13T20:27:31Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7723 Title: On Variability of Hydrological Wet season, seasonal rainfall and rainwater potential of the river basins of India (1813-2006) Authors: Ranade, Ashwini; Singh, Nityanand; Singh, H.N.; Sontakke, N.A. Abstract: In tropical monsoonal climate rainfall is subject to strong seasonality. Further, attributes of rainy season (starting date, ending date and duration) exhibit large spatial and temporal variations. Numerous notions of rainy season exist in the real world and the literature, e.g. green season, growing season, wet season, monsoonal rainy season and wet period. For Indian region, a hydrological wet season (HWS) is defined as ‘continuous period with each of the monthly rainfall greater than 50mm’. Climatological and fluctuation features of important parameters of the HWS (starting and ending dates and duration, seasonal rainfall/rainwater and surplus rainfall/rainwater potential) are described for the 11 major and 36 minor river basins as well as the West Coast Drainage System (WCDS) and the whole country using highly quality-controlled monthly rainfall from well spread network of 316 raingauge stations from earliest available year (sometimes going back to 1813) up to 2006. The average period of the HWS is in close agreement with the (southwest) monsoonal rainy season (MRS) over the basins in the core monsoon rainfall regime (CMRR- basins between parallels of 16°N and 32°N and west of meridian 88°E). In the mixed monsoon rainfall regime (MMRR- south peninsula, northeast and extreme north), the HWS is of longer duration compared to the MRS due to extra-monsoonal rainfall over there. For the whole country, the mean starting date of the HWS is 30 May, ending 11 October and duration 135 days. Fluctuations of the HWS parameters do not show significant long term trend anywhere. However, nature of recent tendency according to a subjective deduction from a set of time series displays (actual and 9-point Gaussian low-pass filtered values and the Cramer’s tk-statistic for 31-term running means) is reported. Sixteen basins across the country experienced multiple wet seasons in some years, important characteristics of these wet seasons are discussed. The average HWS rainwater (and hydrological rainwater potential, HRWP) of the major basins (in billion cubic meters or bcm) is as: Indus 147.392 (34.884), Ganga 740.507 (316.383), Brahmaputra 430.168 (285.992), Godavari 282.584 (122.865), Krishna 180.95 (18.922), Sabarmati 19.06 (6.912), Mahi 28.537 (12.777), Narmada 87.532 (49.110), Tapi 45.646 (16.366), Mahanadi 173.181 (98.141), Cauvery 97.478 (27.046) and the WCDS 270.825 (179.399). For the whole country, the mean wet season rainwater is 2911.064 bcm, of which 1856.947 bcm evaporates and the remaining as surplus rainwater (or HRWP) 1054.117 bcm goes through different surface hydrological processes (soil moisture recharge, deep percolation, surface storage and streamflow/riverflow). Declining tendency is seen in the HWS rainfall/rainwater and surplus rainfall/HRWP over most of the minor basins in the CMRR in recent years/decades. Over the country, the HWS rainfall during 1965-2006 was less by 4.15% compared to the period 1912-1964, and the surplus rainfall/HRWP during 1978-2006 less by 11.93% compared to 1915-1977. Tue, 01 Jan 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7723 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7718 Title: Effect of LA NIÑA-EL NIÑO on climatic fluctuations over major Hydro ecozones across India Authors: Ranade, Ashwini A.; Singh, Nityanand; Singh, H.N. Abstract: During boreal summer, the troposphere over southern hemisphere is warming at a faster rate compared to that over northern hemisphere, and the intensity of the general atmospheric as well as the Asian-Indian monsoon circulation shows decreasing trend. Over the equatorial central and eastern Pacific (Niño region), the easterlies are weakening and the SSTs rising, and there is a tendency for occurrence of frequent and intense El Niño than La Niña. Rain-producing weather systems (convergences) are frequent and intense along the western Indian subcontinent, and weaker and infrequent over Indo Gangetic plains, central India and Bay of Bengal. Consequently, monsoon rainfall is somewhat subdued over Indo-Gangetic plains and central India. The La Niña-El Niño phenomenon provides vital information for extreme rainfall activities across India. To understand effect of the phenomenon on the hydro-ecosystems of the country, difference between La Niña and El Niño years in the parameters of the hydrological wet season (HWS), summer monsoon and wet-dry spells over major/minor/sub-basins have been examined. During El Niño years, climatic condition is considerably adverse over almost the entire hydro-ecosystems across the country compared to that during La Niña years. Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7718 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7621 Title: Contextualizing traditional water knowledge with modern water challenges in India: A hydrological review Authors: Goyal, V.C.; Ullah, M. Furqan; Pandey, Charu Abstract: During last few decades many new challenges in the field of water have emerged such as impacts of climate change, declining groundwater levels, decline in groundwater recharge, water logging, encroachment of water sources, decline in green cover, increasing menace of flood and silting due to encroachment of floodplain of rivers, increasing water pollution due to inappropriate and inadequate disposal of solid and liquid wastes, cloudburst, flash flood, cyclone and other disasters, etc. Due to increasing water demand and decreasing water availability, ensuring water security has emerged as a big challenge. India is a unique country where rivers are worshiped and respected since ancient times. Evidences are available in ancient scriptures about hydrological knowledge and importance of water management. Various traditional systems of water harvesting, conservation and management are still available and some are being used since ancient times. In spite of this traditional knowledge and cultural values, the water resources of India are in turmoil due to rapid industrialization, urbanization and materialistic approach towards over-exploitation of natural resources. This paper attempts to contextualize Indian traditional water knowledge with contemporary water challenges in India. Such traditional structures and knowledge, if adopted and practiced prudently, can provide sustainable solutions even today. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7621 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7619 Title: Assessment of groundwater quality and irrigation suitability in the Doodhganga Catchment, Kashmir Valley Authors: Khan, Tanzeel; Kumar, Rohitashw; Krishan, Gopal; Khan, J.N.; Ahmad, Latief; Banday, Neelofar; Khan, Imran Abstract: This study evaluates groundwater quality in the Doodhganga catchment area, located in the Kashmir Valley, for its suitability for agricultural use. A comprehensive analysis of 66 groundwater samples collected over two years (2022–2023) assessed physico-chemical parameters, including pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), hardness, and concentrations of major ions like calcium (Ca²+ ), magnesium (Mg²+), chloride (Cl–), and bicarbonate (HCO3–). Results indicated that groundwater falls within the “fresh water” category, adhering to both WHO and ISI standards, ensuring suitability for agriculture irrigation. Key indices such as Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Kelley’s Index (KI), and Permeability Index (PI) were calculated to assess irrigation quality. The findings underscore the groundwater’s general potability and suitability for irrigation, with minor hardness concerns, linked to geological formations, which may affect industrial applications. This study supports sustainable groundwater management in the Kashmir Valley, vital for agricultural productivity and water security. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/7619 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z