http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/21 2026-02-13T02:57:03Z 2026-02-13T02:57:03Z Jain, C. K. Mehta, Rama D. Sharma, Sanjay K. Singh, Yatveer Sharma, Babita http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2421 2023-04-21T19:44:46Z 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: CS(AR)-3/2014 : Ground water quality mapping and surveillance for safe water supply in district Hardwar, Uttarakhand Bahadrabad Block Authors: Jain, C. K.; Mehta, Rama D.; Sharma, Sanjay K.; Singh, Yatveer; Sharma, Babita Abstract: The ground water quality of Bahadrabad Block in District Hardwar has been assessed to see the suitability of ground water for domestic and irrigation applications. Fifty two ground water samples from various abstraction sources were collected and analysed for various water quality constituents. The hydro-chemical and bacteriological data was analyzed with reference to BIS and WHO standards, ionic relationships were studied, hydrochemical facies were determined and water types identified. The concentration of total dissolved solids exceeds the acceptable limit of 500 mg/L in 42.3% of the samples analyzed but the values are well within the permissible limit of 2000 mg/L. The alkalinity values exceed the acceptable limit of 200 mg/L in 76.9% of the samples but these are also within the permissible limit of 600 mg/L. From the hardness point of view, more than 80% of the samples exceed the acceptable limit of 200 mg/L but these are also within permissible limits. Two samples of the study area exceed the acceptable limit of 45 mg/L for nitrate. Higher concentration of nitrate at these locations may be attributed due to improper sanitation and unhygienic conditions around the structures. Other constituents like chloride, sulphate and fluoride are within the acceptable limits. The bacteriological analysis of the ground water samples indicates bacterial contamination at few locations. Inadequate maintenance of hand pumps, improper sanitation and unhygienic conditions around the structure may be responsible for bacterial contamination in ground water of the region and is a cause of concern. It is recommended that the water drawn from such sources should be properly disinfected before being used for drinking and other domestic purposes. The presence of heavy metals in ground water has been recorded at many locations. The water quality standards have been violated for iron, manganese and nickel at many locations. The concentration of iron varies from 3002 to 19771 p,g/L as against the acceptable limit of 300 µg/L. The concentration of manganese varies from 5.5 to 2712 p.g/L as against the permissible limit of 300 ug/L and concentration of nickel varies from 63 to 527 pg/L as against the permissible limit of 20 pg/L. The concentration of copper, chromium, lead, cadmium and zinc were found well within the permissible limits at most of the locations. An attempt has also been made to classify the ground water on the basis of different classification schemes, viz., Piper trilinear, Chadha's diagram and U.S. Salinity Laboratory classifications. The grouping of samples according to their hydrochemical facies indicates that all the samples of the study area fall under Ca-Mg-HCO3 hydrochemical facies. The suitability of ground water for irrigation purpose has been evaluated based on salinity, Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) and boron content. In general the ground water of Bahadrabad Block is safe for irrigation purpose. According to U.S. Salinity Laboratory classification of irrigation water, about 50% of the samples fall under water type C2-S1 and about 50% under water type C3-S 1 type.

2014-01-01T00:00:00Z Rao, Y. R. S. Chakravorty, B. Kumar, S. V. Vijaya http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2420 2023-04-17T15:02:08Z 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: CS(AR)-2/2014 : Storm water management in Otteri Nullah sub basin, Chennai corporation, Chennai, Tamilnadu Authors: Rao, Y. R. S.; Chakravorty, B.; Kumar, S. V. Vijaya Abstract: Otteri Nullah sub basin spread over an area of 30.63 sq km is one of the 12 sub-basins of Chennai Municipal Corporation (174 sq km). The study entitled "Storm Water Management in Otteri Nullah Sub basin" envisages development of a 2-D dynamic rainfall-runoff storm water management model (XP-SWMM) to study the adequacy of existing drainage network of the subbasin draining to Buckingham Canal for different return periods. The model predicts runoff hydrographs based on the input hyetograph and the physical characteristics of the sub basin. Since the only hourly rainfall data was available at Nungambakkam IMD station near to the Otteri Nullah sub basin, five more tipping bucket rain gauges and two automatic water levels recorders were installed in the study area. The DEM and land use/cover maps of the sub-basin were prepared from DGPS survey and satellite data. The storm water drainage network details and Otteri Nullah longitudinal profiles/cross section details at every 30 m chainage were collected and GIS database was prepared. Using thematic layers of DEM, drainage network and road network, total 88 micro watersheds were delineated in the Otteri Nullah sub basin. The drainage network was. schematized into 121 nodes and 120 links in the XP-SWMM model. Model parameters like Node/link characteristics, pervious/impervious area, soil type, average width/slope and SCS-CN were computed for each micro watershed using GIS data base. Based on measured rainfall and water level data in the study area, few events were selected for the model performance in terms of runoff computation and to calibrate and validate the model. After successful calibration, it was found that even a peak discharge of 27.57 m3/s generated from the hyetograph of 24 hour design storm of 2 years return period having maximum hourly rainfall of 48.89 mm is causing flood at many locations. The drain sections were then modified as proposed by PWD. The model simulation predicted adequacy of drainage upto design storm of 5 years. The impact of flood water diversion link from Otteri Nullah, west of Annanagar to Cooum river found that there is 38% of reduction in the peak flow against 2 - years return period storm. The hydrographs at outfall of the sub basin developed for various return period would be very useful for adopting best management practices.

2014-01-01T00:00:00Z Galkate, R. V. Thomas, T. Jaiswal, R. K. Singh, Surjeet http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2419 2023-04-12T15:47:29Z 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: CS(AR)-1/2014 : Water availability study and supply demand analysis in Kharun sub-basin of Seonath basin in Chhattisgarh state Authors: Galkate, R. V.; Thomas, T.; Jaiswal, R. K.; Singh, Surjeet Abstract: The present Purpose Driven Study (PDS) deals with addressing and resolving various hydrological issues of the Chhattisgarh state to tackle the problem of increasing water demands and water scarcity being faced by state. In present study the hydro-meteorological, agricultural and demographic data of the Kharun river basin was analyzed using different technique to carry out the rainfall runoff modeling, water availability study and water supply-demand analysis. In this study, the MIKE BASIN model for Kharun river was developed to study the hydrological behavior of the river. It was observed that the Kharun is originally an intermittent river having no flow during lean season, moreover there has been no water storage structure at the upstream. To tackle the situation, the Kharun river is being supplemented from Ravishankarsagar reservoir through canals to meet various water demands and water supplied for various usages through the series of anicuts. Thus the flow regime in Kharun has been found strongly influenced by regulation operations associated with the river. The drought study indicated that the Kharun river basin on an average experiences 2 drought years in every 10 years period which were mostly of moderate nature. The low flow analysis indicated that the Kharun river generally experiences 1 or 2 low flow condition every year. The low flow events in this basin usually begin during July to October and terminate during November to December and it can be the matter of concern for water resource planning and allocation in the basin. The Rainfall-Runoff Modeling was carried out using MIKEll NAM model in the Kharun river using observed discharge at Patherdihi gauge discharge site. The coefficient of determination (R2) values of model calibration and validation were observed 0.858 and 0.764 respectively. It indicated the good agreement between the simulated and observed catchment runoff in terms of the peak flows with respect to timing, rate and volume. Thus the model can be used for predicting the runoff time series for the extended time period in the Kharun basin and it can also be used for predicting runoff time series of another basin of similar characteristics. The Efficiency of the model was obtained as 81% which shows that the choice of the model parameters was relevant. The water availability analysis indicated that the Kharun river is originally an intermittent river having flow during monsoon season and 2-3 months thereafter. The average annual rainfall of 1147.57 mm produces 1802.88 MCM of average annual runoff in Kharun. The Ravishankarsagar reservoir and other sources add around average 116.22 MCM water in to the Kharun river and the average annual regulated flow becomes 1919.1 MCM which is supplied to meet various water demands. The water from Kharun river is being utilized mainly to meet domestic and industrial water demand. If the water supply was planned at 90% probability level, the total water demand was observed 65 MCM in 2010-11 and the deficit was 22 MCM. When the demand would increase to 133 MCM (in 2030-31) and 175 MCM (in 2050-51) the water deficit would becomes 73.56 MCM and 105.33 MCM respectively. In year 2050-51, the additional 105.33 MCM water would be required in Kharun river to fulfill the total demand. The surplus-deficit analysis indicated that, during a water year the period of water deficit prolongs if assured water availability is planned at higher probability level. As the water demand increases, the water deficit period increases and the river starts experiencing the water deficit much earlier. The study was also carried out for identification of possible storages sites on Kharun river, their submergence area and possible storage capacities. Four best possible dam sites were identified on Kharun river basin for construction of small storage structure using DEM data which would help to meet the future water demand in the basin. The derived Area-Elevation-Capacity curves of the proposed sites would be useful during construction of dam. It was recommended that the water storage in these tanks should be planned to minimize the submergence effect and to create structure of adequate storages. The infiltration tests were conducted at nine selected sites in Kharun river basin using double ring infiltrometer. The infiltration rate was observed varying from 0.4 to 4.3 cm/hr in Kharun river basin. The regional infiltration models were developed for different soil type and for a Kharun basin as a whole. The regional infiltration model based on the Phillip's two-term model was found best suited for the Kanhar soil. Kostiakov's and Green-Ampt model could be applied for modeling the infiltration rate of Matasi and Sandy-murrum soil. However the regional model based on Green-Ampt model was found best for simulating the infiltration rates for the whole Kharun basin. On the basis of various hydrological analyses carried out, some of the key recommendations were arisen for the water resources development, management and its optimum utilization in Kharun basin. Though the occurrence of droughts is not a big threat in the region, water crises in rural as well as urban areas during every summer has become common in the state. Hence there is an urgent need to tap the river water which is being drained down causing more dependence on groundwater in the region. The mechanism has to be developed for regular monitoring and assessment of water demands and water availability to meet future challenges. It is recommended that the state WRD should maintain adequate hydro-meteorological data monitoring network which is the key for long term planning of water resources of river basin. To meet the local water demands, state should plan for construction of small dams on Kharun river. The water resources planning should includes issues such as demand management in the river basin, planning of water supply at appropriate level of probability and providing assured water supply to meet demands. WRD should adapt scientific approach like hydrological modeling and use of modern softwares for planning purposes. There is a need to undertake regular awareness programs for field engineers, various water users and stakeholders for judicious use of precious water resources.

2014-01-01T00:00:00Z Thomas, T. Galkate, R. V. Jaiswal, R. K. http://117.252.14.250:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2418 2023-04-12T15:30:37Z 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: CS(AR)-2/2013 : Water resources management study for drought affected Bundelkhand region Authors: Thomas, T.; Galkate, R. V.; Jaiswal, R. K. Abstract: Drought is recognized as one of the most hazardous causes of human misery which also annually claims most of the victims and arises whenever the links in the hydrological cycle are destabilized. Water resources management under drought scenario is a challenging task for the decision makers and planners. It is not possible to avoid droughts but drought impacts can be managed, the success of which depends on proper quantification of drought characteristics.The drought frequency in Bundelkhand which used to bet in 16 years in 18th andl 9th centurieshas increased several times with the last decade witnessing continuous droughts resulting in livelihood issues and depletion of natural resources. The drought frequency varies between 1 in 3 years at Lalitpur and 1 in 7 years at Manikpur in Banda district. Drought prone blocks have been identified and all subsequent analysis has been limited to theseblocks. Drought indices including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), Streamflow Drought Index (SDI), Groundwater Drought Index (GDI) and Effective Drought Index (EDI) have been developed to study the drought characteristics. The hydrological drought analysis and thespatio-temporal assessment of droughts have also been carried out. Generally, two critical dry spell (CDS) are invariablyexperienced for which supplemental irrigation has been planned.MIKE BASIN simulation based water resources management planning for Bearma basin have been carried out considering various scenarios and the approach adopted helps to effectively reduce water scarcity to a great extent during droughts. The integrated drought vulnerability assessment based on several spatial and temporal characteristicshelped in the identification of vulnerable areas for drought mitigation. An action linked drought management plan has been developed and five stages of drought levels suggested based on drought triggers.The comprehensive analysis covering various aspects of drought along withthe appropriate recommendations will help tosignificantly reduce the vulnerability of the region.The report can be used as a useful tool by administrators, planners and decision makers for planning and management of water resources and drought management,to alleviate the sufferings and bring prosperity in Bundelkhand.

2013-01-01T00:00:00Z